Author: Birgit Eggert

by Katrine Kehlet Bechsgaard & Birgit Eggert

When reviewing the name fashions of the past few decades in Denmark, several trends catch the eye. Like Norwegian parents, Danish parents have a large number of names (over 43,000) to choose from, and this number is continuously growing, especially since a new and more liberal name law came along in 2006. So, what characterizes the first names that are trending in Denmark in the beginning of the 21^st century? We will give a brief overview of some of the dominant trends.

Preferred sounds in Danish first names

In Denmark, the girl name Emma and the boy name William have been among the most used first names for newborns for a long time, and these two names contain several of the qualities that characterize today’s Danish first name fashions.

Common for both girl and boy names is that certain sounds are popular. Especially sounds that are represented by l and m in writing, and both Emma and William are good examples of this. Also, girl names like Alma, Clara, Karla, Ella, Mathilde, and Maja as well as boy names like William, Alfred, Karl, Lucas, Malthe, and Emil are among the most popular names. The top 50 of names for children born in 1995 features 27 girl names and 25 boy names containing an l and/or an m, while the corresponding number for children born in 2019 is 29 girl names and 31 boy names. So, we are seeing a slight increase in this trend.

Another striking sound phenomenon in the name fashion is hiatus, i.e. when two vowels are directly next to each other, but each belongs to its own syllable, such as Liam, Noah, Sofia, and Olivia. Hiatus is very rare in the Danish language, which makes its relative frequency in first names for newborns quite remarkable. In the top 50 for children born in 1995, four girl names and four boy names contain hiatus, while in the 2019 top 50, seven girl names and 10 boy names contain hiatus. So, there has been a small rise in this trend in Denmark.

Additionally, we are seeing a number of names – especially boy names – beginning with Vi-/Wi– (v and w have the same pronunciation in Danish). Among these are names like William, Victor, Viggo, Villads, and Villum, which are all on the top 50 for boys born in 2019. In the corresponding list for boys born in 1995, there is only Victor, but maybe – at least partly – Kevin and David can be counted as belonging to this trend even though –vi– does not appear initially. The vi-trend might also be relevant for girl names, at least Victoria and Vilma (and Olivia) are in the top 50 for girls born in 2019, while no names of this type were among the 50 most common for girls born in 1995. Also, names like Vigga and Viola have become popular during the past couple of decades.

Two-syllable girl names ending with an -a

Since around 2000, two-syllable names ending with an –a, such as Alma, Clara, and Liva, have been dominating the lists of popular girl names. For instance, in 1995, there were 19 girl names with an –a ending on the top 50, 13 of which had two syllables. In 2019, this number had grown to 30 girl names with an –a ending, and 24 of these had two syllables. During the same time, there has been a decline in three- and four-syllable girl names ending in –e, which were trending in the 1980’s and 1990’s, including Sofie, Louise, Pernille, and Caroline. The 1995 top 50 included 17 three- and four-syllable names with an –e ending, whereas the 2019 top 50 included only four names with these characteristics.

The many short –a names on the popularity charts illustrate the pattern of names returning approximately 100 years after their last peak. Names like Karla, Ella, and Rosa had their latest peak in the beginning of the 20^th century and therefore, their current popularity makes perfect sense. However, even though short –a names were popular in the early 1900s, it is sometimes unpredictable exactly which names will return with a strength similar to that of its previous peak. For example, we see a lot more Emmas and Fridas now than we did 100 years ago, whereas there were many more girls named Gerda and Erna 100 years ago than there are today.

Two-syllable boy names ending with a consonant

For a long time, it has been common for the most frequent boy names to – in contrast to the girl names – end with a consonant. In 1995, as many as 46 of the top 50 names had a consonant ending, and 30 of these had two syllables. In the latest top 50 from 2019, there were 41 boy names with a consonant ending, of which 27 were two-syllable names. This means that even though the trend remains very dominant, it seems to be declining slightly.

Among the boy names with a consonant ending, some letters seem to be particularly common. For instance, eight names in the latest top 50 end with an -s (or in Felix’ case, an -s sound), including Lucas, Magnus, Villads, and Milas, while 10 names end with an -r, half of which end in -er, including Oliver, Anker, Asger, and Walther.

Winds of change

In recent years, we are seeing new trends emerging. Among these is a development toward girl names ending with a consonant; in 2019, Agnes, Astrid, Ellen, and Esther were all in the top 30. Other names ending in consonants, such as Ingrid, Edith, and Elin, are on the rise as well. It is worth noting that these names all have a vowel as the first letter, and it seems that E– is a particularly popular first letter in girl names ending with a consonant.

And girls are not the only ones getting names with new endings. In the boys’ top 50 from 2019, there are five boy names ending with an –o: Hugo, Viggo, Theo, Otto, and Matheo. Other names with an –o ending have been on the rise for the past couple of decades as well, including Milo and Leo. Also trending for boys are one-syllable names, which have never been in use in Denmark before, such as Storm and Nohr. Furthermore, we are seeing a rise in popularity for other one-syllable boy names that had their latest peak in the first half of the 20^th century, such as Svend, Knud, and Finn. These will probably soon be followed by even more one-syllable boy names like Per, Kurt, and Jan, which peaked in the middle of the 20^th century and are likely to become more popular over the next few decades, if they follow the pattern of names coming back after 100 years.

Yet another trend involves both girl and boy names. Names ending in –y and –ie that are originally English short forms are trending, and it is remarkable that we are seeing similar developments for boys and girls. In the girls’ top 50 from 2019, Ellie, Lily, Emily, and Molly represent this trend. This name type is not represented in the boys’ top 50, but names like Eddie, Henry, and Villy have all been on the rise for the past decade. Some of these names are unisex names, for example Billie, which is used for both boys and girls, however with Billy as the most common spelling for boys. This trend gives parents – at least to some extent – the chance to give their children a less gendered name in line with today’s focus and discussions on gender.

by Krister Vasshus

Trends in naming can be classified in several ways, and over the course of 30 years, we can see that there have been several trends in the Norwegian naming material. When Norwegian parents give names to their children, they have a large pool of names to choose from, but statistics clearly show that the chosen names follow certain trends. In the following, I will give a short overview of these trends.

Close-up vowels

Names with two vowels next to each other fall into two categories. They can either be with a diphthong or with two syllables. Øystein, Aud and Heidi all have diphthongs, and are fairly common. Names where two vowels next to each other are pronounced with two syllables, however, constitute around half of the top 10 given male names between 1990 and 2005. This trend has since been less important (two-three names on top 10 male names between 2018 and 2020), and it also took a while before this phonetic trend constituted half of the given names for women, between 2010 continuing to 2020.

Women with vowels, men with consonants

Over the last 15 years, all top 10 woman names ended with a vowel (with the exception of Ingrid on place 10 in 2020, although this name is pronounced [iŋ:ri:] or [iŋg:ri:]  in Norwegian, still ending with a vowel). After 2010, seven of the top 10 female names ended with a.

Between 1995 and 2015, all top 10 names for men ended with a consonant. This trend is still valid, and both for 2016 and 2020 the only name on this list ending with a vowel was Noah/Noa. After 2000 the o-ending has become more common in boy names, clearly influenced by southern European names like Theo and Hugo.

When it comes to consonants, we can clearly see that l, m, n and r are very popular in names. On the top 10 list for boy names in the first decade of this millennium, these sounds represented half of all the letters, and 70% of the letters in girl names. In later years, we also see hints that voiced full stops (b, d, g) are viewed as feminine and voiceless full stops (p, t, k) are viewed as masculine. After 2000 there has been more vowels in girl names and more consonants in boy names.

Length

After a period between 1970 and 2000, where names, especially women’s names, had been long, the most popular names became shorter. Mostly this was because parents chose names with fewer consonants, as the number of syllables has been stable. Aleksander and Bjørnar has the same number of syllables as Emilie and Lea, but there is an obvious difference in length in the names. Some long names are still popular, and the tendency is that parents either use long names or short ones.

Stress on the first syllable?

Nordic names, like most other words in Scandinavian, have stress on the first syllable. This was also the case for Nordic versions of names with foreign provenance, such as Anna, Thomas or Line. By the 1990s, about half of the girls and one third of the boys got names with stress on the second (or third) syllable, like Susanne and Karoline. This trend started in the 1960s for girls and in the 1980s for boys. After 2000, names with stress on the first syllable became more common again, particularly for the boys. After 2010 only about 2 of the top 10 boy names had stress on the second or third syllable, but for girl names it was 3-4 of the top 10.

Nordic or biblical names?

Nordic names were dominant on the top 10 list until the 1940s, when these names gradually decreased in number. But the number of Nordic names on the top 50 lists for both girl and boy names has increased somewhat since 2010, from 4-5 names for both genders to 11 girl names and 8 boys names in 2020.

Biblical names have been increasingly popular since 1990, and many of these names have characteristics that fall into some of the abovementioned traits, like close up vowels (Naomi, Matheo) and girls names ending with a (Lea, Sara, Rebekka). Overall, there is a tendency of a bigger spread in naming. The most popular names are given to fewer individuals, and many parents seem to want their kids to have original or rare names, or at least what the parents view as original and rare.

av Märit Frändén

I Sverige finns en enorm mängd olika personnamn, både förnamn och efternamn. Men vilka av dessa namn är egentligen svenska?

Det finns många tänkbara svar på den frågan. Man kan ha en inkluderande hållning och säga: “Ja men, om namnen bärs av svenska medborgare i Sverige, så är de väl svenska namn allihop?” Eller så kan man säga: “Nej, nej, för att ett namn ska kunna kallas svenskt måste det vara etymologiskt svenskt.” Och mellan dessa två ytterpunkter finns naturligtvis ytterligare en hel mängd möjliga svar.

Det klockrena exemplet på svenska namn är förstås de namn som har helt svenskt eller nordiskt ursprung. Sigrid. Erik. Björn. Att lägga till ett inhemskt ‑son förändrar ingenting: Eriksson är lika svenskt som Erik.

Men hur är det med namn som Anders och Nils, som är av annat ursprung men har fått en anpassad form i Sverige? I Historiska museets sökmotor Nomina får man veta att Anders och Nils är en nordisk respektive svensk namnform, men man får också upp en bild av en liten flöjtspelande figur med bildtexten “Grekiskt”. När jag skriver in mitt eget förnamn Märit visas i stället en person med svärd i handen som spränger fram på häst, och bildtexten “Persiskt”. Och det känns väl inte helt klockrent. Väl är Märit en sidoform Märta, som i sin tur är en form av Margareta, som är en grekisk form av ett persiskt ord för ‘pärla’ – men ingen heter ju Märit i Iran, utom den som till äventyrs har rötterna i mellannorrland. Märit ligger en bra bit från Margareta, och gissningsvis ännu längre från det persiska grundordet. Kan man ändå säga att Märit är ett persiskt namn?

Om Anders och Nils inte är riktigt svenska, men ändå ganska – förändras graden av svenskhet om man hänger på ett ‑son? Med andra ord, är Andersson och Nilsson svenskare än Anders och Nils?

Är Azizsson och Omarsson svenskare än Aziz och Omar? Josefsson är ganska svenskt – men hur är det med Yousifsson? Såväl Yousifsson som Azizsson och Omarsson finns i dagens Sverige, och är bra exempel på att personnamn inte så lätt låter sig etiketteras.

Alice har varit det mest populära namnen för nyfödda flickor i Sverige de senaste åren. Gör det namnet till svenskt? Anna är det vanligaste tilltalsnamnet för svenska kvinnor i alla åldrar – är det svenskt? Inte om du frågar etymologen. Men om du frågar de föräldrar som har valt namnet Anna till sin dotter, kan de mycket väl motivera valet med att de “ville ha ett traditionellt svenskt namn”. I det sammanhanget får kanske “svenskt namn” tolkas som ‘namn med lång historia i Sverige’. Det innefattar Anna, men kanske inte Alice? Visst är det rimligt att man gör skillnad på namn med olika lång historia i Sverige, precis som man lätt gör med äldre och nyare importord. Både levla och skrolla tas upp i Svenska Akademiens ordlista, men många tycker nog att de är mindre svenska än hemtama ord som traktor eller musik.

Spelar skriftbilden roll? Är skrolla svenskare än scrolla? Är Lisa svenskare än Liisa? Är Jakob svenskare än Yakob?

Eller är det uttalet som avgör? Lewicki skrivs likadant i Sverige och i Polen. I Polen uttalas det /le’vitski/, men i Sverige ofta /le’vik:i/. Påverkar det namnets svenskhet? En svensk som heter Lewicki skulle nog själv säga att namnet är polskt, även om vederbörande använder det svenska uttalet.

Man skulle kunna vända på det: Om någon bor i Finland och heter Palo i efternamn, så heter hen (eller i det fallet faktiskt hän) /’palo/, men oaspirerat p, öppna a- och å-ljud och två korta stavelser. Om någon heter Palo i Sverige, så heter hen – åtminstone efter en tid – i stället /’p^hɑ:lu/, med aspirerat p, långt, mörkt a-ljud och det svenska o-ljudet i slutet. Kan man säga att ett namn som uttalas på det sättet är finskt? Kan /’kos:ik/, skrivet Cosic, vara kroatiskt, eller /’jilmas/, skrivet Yilmaz, vara turkiskt? I Kroatien eller Turkiet skulle svaret bli nej, för där heter Ćosić /’tɕo:sitɕ/ och Yılmaz /’jɨlmaz/ – det svenska uttalet av Yilmaz strider till och med mot turkiskans vokalharmoni, och är därför ett “omöjligt ord” i turkiska öron. Om /’p^hɑ:lu/, /’kos:ik/ och /’jilmas/ inte är finskt, kroatiskt respektive turkiskt, vad är de då? Någonting måste de ju vara?

I de här fallen skulle nog mitt svar vara att de är svenska namn, om än med finskt, kroatiskt respektive turkiskt ursprung. Om de har uttal som är helt okända i “hemlanden”, och som i vissa fall också strider mot språkens fonotax, skulle det vara mycket märkligt att ändå mena att det är där de hör hemma. När namnbärarna själva uppfattar sig som svenska kanske man också ska säga att deras namn är det? Jag har intervjuat en vietnamesisk man som bott länge i Sverige, och han berättade att han till en början störde sig på det svenska uttalet av hans namn, men att han accepterade det i takt med att han själv började känna sig som svensk. Är inte det ganska fint?

Namn, liksom andra ord, påverkas av det omgivande språket – det är bara så. Man kan tycka att det är bra eller dåligt, men det är en helt naturligt lingvistisk utveckling. Många svenskar med invandrade namn har den svenska formen som sin huvudsakliga eller till och med enda namnform. Det kan gälla både uttalet och sättet att skriva. Diakritiska tecken försvinner snabbt vid ett tangentbord.

Visst behöver vi namnforskare våra etymologier. Men vi behöver också komma ihåg att det finns gråzoner i detta. Där ute i verkligheten är det många som använder andra etiketter än de etymologiska. Och de har faktiskt lika rätt som vi – bara på ett annat sätt.